Takaisin Tulosta

Risk of a venous thromboembolism during the postpartum period

Evidence summaries
Heidi Alenius
Last reviewed as up-to-date 5.3.2024Latest change 5.3.2024

Level of evidence: A

The risk of a venous thromboembolism is markedly elevated within the first six weeks after delivery and is over 20-fold compared with healthy non-pregnant women. The risk is slightly elevated until 12 weeks after delivery.

Comment: The quality of evidence is upgraded by large magnitude of effect.

Summary

A retrospective population-based registry study «Kamel H, Navi BB, Sriram N et al. Risk of a thromb...»1 used claims data on all discharges in California years 2005 – 2010 to find out a composite primary outcome of ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, or venous thromboembolism in pregnant and postpartum women. Among the 1 687 930 women with a first recorded delivery, 1015 had a thrombotic event in the period of 1 year plus up to 24 weeks after delivery. The risk of primary thrombotic events was markedly higher within 3 weeks after delivery than in the same period 1 year later (odds ratio (OR 46.7, 95% CI 34.5-63.1) and within 4 to 6 weeks postpartum (OR 4.4, 95% CI 3.3-5.9). There was also a modest but significant increase in risk during weeks 7 to 12 after delivery as compared with the same period 1 year later (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.1). Risks of thrombotic events were not significantly increased beyond the first 12 weeks after delivery.

Another registry study «Abdul Sultan A, Tata LJ, Grainge MJ et al. The inc...»2 involving a total of 1 117 691 women used primary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), which incorporates linkages to secondary care contained within Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) in United Kingdom between 1997 and 2010. The absolute venous thromboembolism (VTE; deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) rate during the antepartum period and first 6 weeks postpartum were 99 (95%CI 85-116) and 468 (95%CI 391-561) per 100 000 person-years respectively. These were comparable to the pooled estimates from the meta-analysis (using studies after 2005) during the antepartum period (118/100 000 person-years) and early postpartum (424/100 000 person-years).

A population-based inception cohort study «Heit JA, Kobbervig CE, James AH et al. Trends in t...»3 estimated the relative and absolute risk for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (VTE) during pregnancy and postpartum trends in incidence. Patients were women (98% white and of non-Hispanic ethnicity) with VTE first diagnosed between 1966 and 1995, including women with VTE during pregnancy or the postpartum period. The relative risk (standardized incidence ratio) for VTE among pregnant or postpartum women was 4.29 (95% CI 3.49 to 5.22;P < 0.001), and the overall incidence of venous thromboembolism (absolute risk) was 199.7 per 100 000 woman-years. The annual incidence was 5 times higher among postpartum women than pregnant women (511.2 vs. 95.8 per 100 000). Over the 30-year study period, the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy remained relatively constant.

A study «Tepper NK, Boulet SL, Whiteman MK et al. Postpartu...»4 used deidentified health care claims information database across the United States to identify delivery hospitalizations among women aged 15-44 years during the years 2005-2011. ICD-9, Clinical Modification diagnosis and procedure codes were used to find VTE among women with recent delivery. The incidence proportion of postpartum venous thromboembolism was highest during the first 3 weeks after delivery, dropping from 9/10 000 during the first week to 1/10 000 at 4 weeks after delivery and decreasing steadily through the 12th week.

Another historical controlled national cohort study «Virkus RA, Løkkegaard EC, Bergholt T et al. Venous...»5 used The National Registry of Patients identified relevant diagnoses including Danish women 15 to 49 years old during years 1995 – 2005 to assess the relative risk of VTE. In total 819 751 pregnant women were included of whom 727 had a VTE. The absolute risk of VTE per 10 000 pregnancy-years increased from 4.1 (95% CI 3.2 to 5.2) during week 1 - 11 up to 59.0 (95% CI 46.1 to 76.4) in week 40 and decreased in the puerperal period from 60.0 (95% CI 47.2 to 76.4) during the first week after birth to 2.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 4.2) during week 9-12 postpartum. Compared with non-pregnant women, the incidence rate ratio rose from 1.5 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.9) in week 1 - 11, to 21.0 (95%CI 16.7 to 27.4) in week 40 and 21.5 (95% CI: 6.8 to 27.6) in the first week after delivery, declining to 3.8 (95% CI 2.5 to 5.8) 5 - 6 weeks after delivery.

A cohort study «Butwick AJ, Bentley J, Leonard SA et al. Prepregna...»6 assessing the relation between maternal body mass index (BMI) and pregnancy-related VTE included a total of 2 449 133 women with singleton pregnancies. The prevalence of antepartum and postpartum VTE increased with increasing BMI (antepartum: 2.3, 3.0, 3.8, 4.2, 4.7, and 10.6 per 10 000 women for underweight, normal BMI, overweight, obesity, severe obesity, morbid obesity, respectively, P < 0.001; postpartum: 2.0, 3.1, 3.9, 5.6, 9.0, and 13.2 per 10 000 women, P < 0.01). Women with morbid obesity (BMI> 40) had the highest risk of pregnancy-related VTE compared with normal BMI women: adjusted OR for antepartum VTE: 2.9; 95% CI 2.2 to 3.8 and adjusted OR for postpartum VTE: 3.6; 95% CI 2.9 to 4.6.

A population-based cohort-study «...»7 in Finland combining 4 large registers assessed the incidence of VTE. Among the 634 292 delivered women, 1169 had VTE 0–180 days postpartum. The incidence of was highest during the first week postpartum: 37-fold compared with nonpregnant women, declining to 2-fold immediately after that. Almost half of VTE occurred between 43 and 180 days postpartum. 3 VTE-related deaths occurred. Older age, higher BMI, thrombophilia, multiple pregnancy, gestational diabetes, anemia, chorioamnionitis, threatening premature birth, in vitro fertilization with ovarian hyperstimulation, primiparity, cesarean section, cardiac/renal diseases, and varicose veins were associated with an increased risk.

A 10-year nationwide population-based study «...»8 in South Korea analyzed 2 databases. A total of 1188 delivery episodes with VTE were extracted from 4 243 393 deliveries. The incidence of thromboembolism was 0.28 per 1000 deliveries, and it increased over the 10-year period. The incidence of antepartum thromboembolism was 0.1 per 1000 deliveries (418 cases), and the postpartum incidence was 0.18 per 1000 deliveries (770 cases). Thromboembolism was associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, low socioeconomic status, multiple birth, cesarean birth, preeclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, placenta previa, advanced maternal age, hyperemesis and primiparity. The factors associated with mortality from thromboembolism were cesarean birth and preterm premature rupture of membranes.

References

  1. Kamel H, Navi BB, Sriram N et al. Risk of a thrombotic event after the 6-week postpartum period. N Engl J Med 2014;370(14):1307-15. «PMID: 24524551»PubMed
  2. Abdul Sultan A, Tata LJ, Grainge MJ et al. The incidence of first venous thromboembolism in and around pregnancy using linked primary and secondary care data: a population based cohort study from England and comparative meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013;8(7):e70310. «PMID: 23922975»PubMed
  3. Heit JA, Kobbervig CE, James AH et al. Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study. Ann Intern Med 2005;143(10):697-706. «PMID: 16287790»PubMed
  4. Tepper NK, Boulet SL, Whiteman MK et al. Postpartum venous thromboembolism: incidence and risk factors. Obstet Gynecol 2014;123(5):987-96. «PMID: 24785851»PubMed
  5. Virkus RA, Løkkegaard EC, Bergholt T et al. Venous thromboembolism in pregnant and puerperal women in Denmark 1995-2005. A national cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2011;106(2):304-9. «PMID: 21713323»PubMed
  6. Butwick AJ, Bentley J, Leonard SA et al. Prepregnancy maternal body mass index and venous thromboembolism: a population-based cohort study. BJOG 2019;126(5):581-588. «PMID: 30500109»PubMed
  7. Galambosi PJ, Gissler M, Kaaja RJ, et al. Incidence and risk factors of venous thromboembolism during postpartum period: a population-based cohort-study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2017;96(7):852-861 «PMID: 28369660»PubMed
  8. Park JE, Park Y, Yuk JS. Incidence of and risk factors for thromboembolism during pregnancy and postpartum: A 10-year nationwide population-based study. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021;60(1):103-110 «PMID: 33494981»PubMed