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Papilla- ja hermosäiearviointien yhteneväisyys

Näytönastekatsaukset
Anja Tuulonen
20.8.2014

Näytön aste: C

Poikkileikkaustutkimuksissa eri arvioijien valokuvista suorittaman kvalitatiivisen analyysin yhtenevyys (kappakerroin) vaihtelee huomattavsti (0,5–0,9). Myös eri kuvantamislaitteiden tulokset glaukoomadiagnoosin ja etenemisen suhteen poikkeavat toisistaan.

Taulukkoon «Papilla- ja hermosäiearvioinnin yhteneväisyys....»1 on koottu vuosina 1988–2001 tehdyt asiaa käsittelevät tutkimukset.

Taulukko 1. Papilla- ja hermosäiearvioinnin yhteneväisyys.
Potilaiden lukumäärä Diagnoosit Arvioijien lukumäärä Vaihtelun muoto Yhteneväisyyden arvio Kirjallisuusviite
Kappa-kerroin (tai %)
  1. n=90
  2. n=103
  1. OHT
  2. Glaukooma
2
  1. Intra-observer
  2. Inter-observer
papilla (kl) pa-pil¬la-mit-taus RNFL Prospektiivinen sairaalakohortti «Caprioli J, Prum B, Zeyen T. Comparison of methods...»1
0,81 0,75 0,76
0,92 0,89 0,87
  1. n=253 ->
  2. yhteneväisyysarvio
  3. n=20!
  1. Normaali
  2. OHT
  3. Glaukooma
ei kerrottu Inter-observer Sairaala-aineisto (positiivinen sukuanamneesi puolella) «Caprioli J, Prum B, Zeyen T. Comparison of methods...»1
0,73
n=72 OHT 3 Inter-observer 0,77 0,6 «Ugurlu S, Hoffman D, Garway-Heath DF ym. Relations...»2
  1. n=214 (114)
  2. n=1049(554)
Nl, OHT, Gla 2
  1. Intra-observer
  2. Inter-observer
0,84 - 0,86 Sairaala-aineisto «Tielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA ym. Intraobserver a...»3
0,68 - 0,76
n=75 normal / gla   6
  1. Intra-observer
  2. Inter-observer
papilla (kl) C/D
0,76 0,79 Sairaala-aineisto «Varma R, Steinmann WC, Scott IU. Expert agreement ...»4
0,5 0,67
n=690
  1. Normal
  2. OHT
  3. Gla
  4. Sens. 93 %
  5. Spes. 94 %, niistä, jotka molemmat voi arvioida
  1. (kaikki 80 – 94 % riippuen iästä ja taudin vaikeusasteesta)
2 Inter-observer RNFL Sairaala-aineisto «Sommer A, Quigley HA, Robin AL ym. Evaluation of n...»5
85 %
n=183 Glaukoomapotilaiden sukulaisten seulonta 2 92 % Valikoitu, mutta aiemmin seulomaton aineisto «Tuulonen A, Airaksinen PJ, Montagna A ym. Screenin...»6
n=194
  1. Normaali
  2. Glaukooma
2 97 % Sairaala-aineisto «Polo V, Larrosa JM, Pinilla I ym. Optimum criteria...»7
n=105
  1. Glaukooma
  2. Normaali
  1. 3
  2. (referenssikuvat)
  1. Intra-obs
  2. Inter-obs
  1. 0,89-0,98
  2. (lower CI 0,84 - 0,97)
Valikoitu aineisto «Niessen AG, van den Berg TJ, Langerhorst CT ym. Gr...»8
  1. 0,81-0,91
  2. (lower CI 0,5 - 0,87)
  1. K-arvo (vaihtelu)
  1. Intra-observer
  2. Inter-observer
  1. Kliininen papilla-arvio
  2. 0,79 (0,76 - 0,82)
  3. 0,73 (0,5 - 0,92)
Hs-kerros
-
0,77 (0,5 - 0,98)
90 %

Tutkimus 1

An online survey, including questions relating to qualification, practice environment, and diagnostic methods was completed by 1256 optometrists «Hadwin SE, Redmond T, Garway-Heath DF ym. Assessme...»9. Based on their responses, 208 (17 %) were selected to undertake an online disc assessment exercise.

Optometrists evaluated the same disc images previously assessed by European ophthalmologists as part of the European Optic Disc Assessment Trial (EODAT); the task was to state if the disc appeared healthy or glaucomatous. There were 110 stereoscopic disc images, of which 40 were healthy, 48 glaucomatous, and six ocular hypertensive, with 16 duplicates images. Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were calculated and compared between optometrist groups and with the EODAT ophthalmologists using permutation analysis.

Median sensitivity was 0.92 (95 % CI: 0.70, 1.00) and median specificity was 0.74 (95 % CI: 0.62, 0.88). Median overall accuracy was 80 % (95 % CI: 67 %, 88 %). Agreement between optometrists was moderate (Fleiss' κ: 0.57). Optometrists with higher qualifications did not have overall higher sensitivity than those without (p = 0.23), but had higher specificity (p = 0.001) and higher overall accuracy (p < 0.001). Optometrists displayed higher sensitivity but lower specificity than the EODAT ophthalmologists.

  • Tutkimuksen laatu: kelvollinen
  • Sovellettavuus suomalaiseen väestöön: kohtalainen

Tutkimus 2

Two hundred seven subjects (109 glaucoma and 98 normal subjects) were evaluated to study the agreement of optic disc measurements obtained with the Cirrus high-density optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) and the Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) and compare the intervisit, test-retest variability between the instruments «Yang B, Ye C, Yu M ym. Optic disc imaging with spe...»10.

One eye from each individual was selected randomly for optic disc imaging by the Cirrus HD-OCT and the HRT. Areas of the optic disc and the cup, cup volume, vertical cup-to-disc ratio and cup-to-disc area ratio were compared between the instruments. The OCT measurements were corrected for ocular magnification using the Littman's formula. The measurement agreement was evaluated with the Bland-Altman plots. The intervisit test-retest variability was examined in 17 randomly selected glaucoma patients who underwent optic disc imaging weekly for 8 consecutive weeks. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the reproducibility coefficients of the optic disc parameters were computed.

The OCT measured smaller optic disc and rim areas and greater cup volume, vertical cup-to-disc ratio and cup-to-disc area ratio than the HRT did (all with P<0.001). There were proportional biases in the Bland-Altman plots between OCT and HRT optic disc measurements except for rim area and cup-to-disc area ratio. The 95 % limits of agreement of rim area ranged between -0.28 and 0.88 mm(2) before, and between -0.22 and 0.92 mm(2) after correction for ocular magnification. Optic disc assessment by spectral-domain OCT and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy demonstrates poor agreement.

  • Tutkimuksen laatu: tasokas
  • Sovellettavuus suomalaiseen väestöön: hyvä

Kirjallisuutta

  1. Caprioli J, Prum B, Zeyen T. Comparison of methods to evaluate the optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer for glaucomatous change. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;121:659-67 «PMID: 8644809»PubMed
  2. Ugurlu S, Hoffman D, Garway-Heath DF ym. Relationship between structural abnormalities and short-wavelength perimetric defects in eyes at risk of glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:592-8 «PMID: 10844049»PubMed
  3. Tielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA ym. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in measurement of optic disc characteristics. Ophthalmology 1988;95:350-6 «PMID: 3174002»PubMed
  4. Varma R, Steinmann WC, Scott IU. Expert agreement in evaluating the optic disc for glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1992;99:215-21 «PMID: 1553210»PubMed
  5. Sommer A, Quigley HA, Robin AL ym. Evaluation of nerve fiber layer assessment. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:1766-71 «PMID: 6508617»PubMed
  6. Tuulonen A, Airaksinen PJ, Montagna A ym. Screening for glaucoma with a non-mydriatic fundus camera. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1990;68:445-9 «PMID: 2220362»PubMed
  7. Polo V, Larrosa JM, Pinilla I ym. Optimum criteria for short-wavelength automated perimetry. Ophthalmology 2001;108:285-9 «PMID: 11158800»PubMed
  8. Niessen AG, van den Berg TJ, Langerhorst CT ym. Grading of retinal nerve fiber layer with a photographic reference set. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120:577-86 «PMID: 7485359»PubMed
  9. Hadwin SE, Redmond T, Garway-Heath DF ym. Assessment of optic disc photographs for glaucoma by UK optometrists: the Moorfields Optic Disc Assessment Study (MODAS). Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013;33:618-24 «PMID: 23634792»PubMed
  10. Yang B, Ye C, Yu M ym. Optic disc imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: variability and agreement study with Heidelberg retinal tomograph. Ophthalmology 2012;119:1852-7 «PMID: 22572035»PubMed